[362] Russia is also the world's leading natural gas exporter,[363] the second-largest natural gas producer,[364] and the second-largest oil producer and exporter. Russian has six cases: Nominative (for the grammatical subject), Accusative (for direct objects), Dative (for indirect objects), Genitive (to indicate possession or relation), Instrumental (to indicate 'with' or 'by means of'), and Prepositional (used after the locative prepositions "in", "on", "about", "in the presence of"). [523] The Russian Academy of Arts, which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia. [516] Other patriotic holidays include Russia Day on 12 June, celebrated to commemorate Russia's declaration of sovereignty from the collapsing Soviet Union;[517] and Unity Day on 4 November, commemorating the 1612 uprising which marked the end of the Polish occupation of Moscow. [111], On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides formed the Soviet Union, by joining the Russian SFSR into a single state with the Byelorussian, Transcaucasian, and Ukrainian republics. In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19thcentury, in particular Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov ( ), Nikolai Gogol ( ), Aleksander Griboyedov ( ), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech. [121] The Soviet Union, ultimately, made the costly transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse within a short span of time. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian River Routes, and by the mid-17th century, there were Russian settlements in eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. . . [155] In May 1988, the Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens. [478] The oldest and largest universities in Russia are Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University. [51] 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [35][36] Nomadic pastoralism developed in the PonticCaspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia. [138] The Soviet Union, along with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the Four Policemen, which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council. The sounds /t, d, ts, s, z, n, r/ are dental, that is, pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge. [27] It is the most spoken Slavic language,[28] and the most spoken native language in Europe,[29] as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia. [541] Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were Art Nouveau,[542] Constructivism,[543] and Socialist Classicism. [5], Russia has an adult literacy rate of 100%,[472] and has compulsory education for a duration of 11 years, exclusively for children aged 7 to 1718. Belarusian , , or Polish , d). On the Origin of Onion-Shaped Domes", "To the New Shore: Soviet Architecture's Journey from Classicism to Standardization", "A Superstar Evokes a Superpower; In Diva's Voice, Adoring Fans Hear Echoes of Soviet Days", "Boris Grebenshikov: 'The Bob Dylan of Russia', "DDT: Notes from Russia's Rock Underground", "Musician, Songwriter, Cultural Force: Remembering Russia's Viktor Tsoi", "What Makes the Russian Literature of the 19th Century So Distinctive? [citation needed], Dialectal differentiation accelerated after the breakup of Kievan Rus' in approximately 1100. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. [153] Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader. [451][452] According to the Russian Census of 2010, 137.5million across the country spoke Russian, 4.3million spoke Tatar, and 1.1million spoke Ukrainian. Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued. Great ranges of temperature are typical. The results showed that 47.3% of Russians declared themselves Christians including 41% Russian Orthodox, 1.5% simply Orthodox or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 4.1% unaffiliated Christians, and less than 1% Old Believers, Catholics or Protestants 25% were believers without affiliation to any specific religion, 13% were atheists, 6.5% were Muslims,[b] 1.2% were followers of "traditional religions honouring gods and ancestors" (Rodnovery, other Paganisms, Siberian shamanism and Tengrism), 0.5% were Buddhists, 0.1% were religious Jews and 0.1% were Hindus. ", "PACE calls for an ad hoc international criminal tribunal to hold to account perpetrators of the crime of aggression against Ukraine", "Pluto: ten things we now know about the dwarf planet", The Arctic Institute Center for Circumpolar Security Studies, "Island hopping in Russia: Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula", "Lake BaikalA Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies", "Russia's Largest Rivers From the Amur to the Volga", "Present and future Kppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution", "Putin urges authorities to take action as wildfires engulf Siberia", "Why Russia's thawing permafrost is a global problem", "Will Russia's Forests Be an Asset or an Obstacle in Climate Fight? International Journal of Russian Stidies. [citation needed], Feudal divisions and conflicts between rival polities created obstacles to the exchange of goods and ideas between the early medieval Rus' principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. On the territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine emerged Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian. [122], The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland,[123] in accordance with a secret protocol within the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. [38] The genetic makeup of speakers of the Uralic language family in northern Europe was shaped by migration from Siberia that began at least 3,500 years ago. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and grammar. . See History of the Russian language for an account of the successive foreign influences on Russian. [455][456], Russia is a secular state by constitution, and its largest religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, chiefly represented by the Russian Orthodox Church. .: , 2003. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. [48], The ancestors of Russians are among the Slavic tribes that separated from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe c.1500years ago. [225], The size of Russia and the remoteness of many of its areas from the sea result in the dominance of the humid continental climate throughout most of the country, except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. "[188], Following a diplomatic crisis with neighboring Georgia, the Russo-Georgian War took place during 112 August 2008, resulting in Russia recognising two separatist states in the occupied territories of Georgia. [citation needed], During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. [279] Russia maintains cordial relations with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally. [61] Vasili III completed the task of uniting all of Russia by annexing the last few independent Russian states in the early 16th century. [217], Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans,[209] has links with a great number of seas. They are the [148] After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin and launched the policy of de-Stalinization, releasing many political prisoners from the Gulag labor camps. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. [583] Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps. [199] Putin and Russian-installed leaders signed treaties of accession, internationally unrecognized and widely denounced as illegal, despite the fact that Russian forces have been unable to fully occupy any of the four regions. On the ruins of peasant multilingua, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emergethe general language of the working class capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. BBC. [343] High regional disparity is also an issue. Contains many dialectal, local, and obsolete words. [101] However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, high casualties, and rumors of corruption and treason. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. [349] Economists suggest the sanctions will have a long-term effect over the Russian economy. ? A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. [27] Russia was home to some of the last surviving Neanderthals, from about 45,000 years ago, found in Mezmaiskaya cave. Earlier, Crump illustrated the Russian perspective on the radio show Nieuwsweekend (5 February). [f][211] Russia lies between latitudes 41 and 82 N, and longitudes 19 E and 169 W, extending some 9,000km (5,600mi) east to west, and 2,500 to 4,000km (1,600 to 2,500mi) north to south. [175] From the time Chechen separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war was fought between the rebel groups and Russian forces. ", "Russia's Language Could Be Ticket in for Migrants", " , ", "Mailis Reps haridusest: venekeelsed koolid ei kao", "Referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia', "Results of the referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia', "Latvia pushes majority language in schools, leaving parents miffed", "Moscow threatens sanctions against Latvia over removal of Russian from secondary schools", "Statistics Lithuania: 78.5% of Lithuanians speak at least one foreign language | News | Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Employees fluent in three languages it's the norm in Lithuania", " Weekly. 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