cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?

2018. They are described in the relevant sections below. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. Medium Bovidae contributed least in the late dry season (Fig. While many streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable. Tsavo. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript. Three seasons are distinguished: the wet season (November-February), with long-term mean rainfall of 513.6160.0 mm, wide spread surface-water availability and abundant, high quality browse and grazing; the early dry season (March-June), long-term mean rainfall of 111.172.8 mm with decreasing fodder quality and surface-water availability; and the late dry season (JulyOctober), long-term mean rainfall of 25.026.6 mm with surface-water restricted to artificial waterholes and very few natural pans, while deciduous trees lose their foliage and both browse and grazing is of the lowest quality during the year. Miniature waterfalls sprung up overnight cascading down rocky outcrops and bursting over gullies, only to disappear again at the first sign of sunshine. Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult. 2015) of groundwater. Indeed, it has become apparent in Southern Africa that male lions hunt successfully and quite often in the absence of female lions [25], [26]. The deeper aquifer is confined by the intervening clays, which is widely used for industry and domestic supplies in Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. Karoo Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. GWP (Global Water Partnership). Water Supply and Sanitation in Cameroon. Seasonal prey availability estimates for Hwange used in this analysis were taken from published road transect data for Sinamatella, Main Camp and Ngamo areas, which cover our study area [36]. In Douala, studies have shown nitrate pollution (Wirmvem et al. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Contrary to our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions. 2017. (I accept). Like the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and thus! Contrastingly during wet seasons, pools of water are more available throughout the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. Schoor Avenue, Bellville, Cape Adult female mass for the different prey categories was 2275 kg for elephant (Loxodonta africana), 828 kg for giraffe, 513 kg for buffalo, 302 kg for zebra, 273 kg for the class medium Bovidae (see composition in Table 2), 157 kg for kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), 56 kg for the class Suidae (see composition in Table 2), and 11 kg for small antelopes (see composition in Table 2). Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. Sossusvlei Please see the Terms of use for more information. Seasonal variation in relative contribution to lion kills by different prey species are shown in Fig. Jacobss index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal samples. 7 Stunning African Honeymoon Destinations. What are the water sources of Cameroon? Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Cameroon. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. Many springs emerge from hill slopes, some of them thermal (Mafany and Fantong 2006). 1). We then converted the frequency of occurrence into biomass estimates using the average adult male and female mass (from [1], [34]). For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918. They fill small basins at the base of trees or or in natural depressions in the landscape with rainwater or snow melt. Etosha More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). Cameroon has one of the strongest economies in sub-Saharan Africa. Overlap is water shared by both the surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. Where is Cameroon in the World? Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. During this time game sightings were spectacular. 1). An improved water source over this period for resources leads to infanticide- the practice of killing others! Lions were one of those species which were not spared from the curiosity of the world. Chari provides an outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing ground for many local communities. Lions of the okavango delta. The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition for male lions (2early dry-late dry=4.13, df=7, p=0.76; 2early dry-wet=8.63, df=7, p=0.28; 2late dry-wet=7.85, df=7, p=0.35). We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. Seasonal variation in the relative contribution by different prey species to lion kills, for males (M) and females (F), distinguishing age class proportions. These sandstones form a productive aquifer, with permeabilities of around 8 to 80 m/day; transmissivities of 300 to 1700 m/day; and a storage coefficient of 0.025. Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. 2017) and organic pollution (Sanou et al. It is covered by 6 of the 8 main climatic units encountered in Cameroon (Kpoumi 2015) which are: (1) altitudinal tropical climate of the Adamawa; (2) mountainous tropical climate of the West;. From buffalo to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides that have adapted to preying on all. "Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Cameroon lies in central-west Africa, with the Gulf of Guinea forming its western coast. Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. Lion prey species found at kills classified in 8 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. The most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56% for males and 33% for females. changing relative selection of prey species between seasons, is not characteristic of the Hwange lion population at least for the primary prey. Juveniles were taken almost exclusively (Fig. That was the only source of water for the entire Mambele community before WWF rehabilitated this stand tap. Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. We used data from 74 faecal samples. Namib Desert Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. Temperatures vary drastically in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days. The main aquifer in this basin is formed of unconsolidated Pliocene (Tertiary)-Quaternary sands, which form an upper and a lower aquifer, separated by a clay layer. 2011. doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: These are smaller sedimentary basins. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. Zebra and Suidae showed a peak in contribution to female lion diet in the late dry season (Fig. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. Our results showed that lions are opportunist hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant. Water Resources Management 24(5), 871888. Chambers One, 27 Willie van The Democratic Republic . Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. 2006. Jane E. Hunt, Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall. 1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). Where does the Cameroon River get its water? There is no perennial water in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year only in high rainfall years. Aggregation of herbivores at waterholes in the late dry season and wet season dispersion of herbivore herds, and particularly of buffalo herds, were expected to lead to pronounced seasonal foraging patterns for lions. Pronounced correctly, with a harsh and rolling g, the word sounds nothing like the perfect angles and subtle patterns this lovely antelope displays. The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. Kill analysis revealed 14 different species being utilised by lions (Table 1). The Kenya Water Resources Management Authority shall have the following powers and functions: The main water source for the Tsavo West national park is Lake Jipe, which sradles the border with Tanzania, according to Kipongoso, its level had dropped 10 meters (33 feet) in a decade. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected zone around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. We used to walk more than 1km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill. Recharge occurs to the confined aquifer only in limited areas (GWP 2013). For each season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water category in the study area. Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. April 20, 2022 There are a series of parallel faults running northeast/southwest, with displacements that can reach 1000 m, and associated with large volcanic massifs of various ages and compositions. feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. Chari has a length of 590 miles, part of which forms international border between Chad and Cameroon. Marion Valeix, We arbitrarily assigned the average adult female weight, with the exception of elephant as predominantly juveniles are preyed upon in dry periods [19], for each sample to allow a crude comparison with kill data. This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. Twelve-year-old Akoela Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055182, Editor: Matt Hayward, Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. Composed mainly of Cretaceous marine sandstones and limestones, which are 1000 to 2000 m thick. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally bounce these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). Funding: The work was supported by the Darwin Initiative for Biodiversity, Disney Wildlife Conservation Foundation, SAVE Foundation, Regina B. Frankenberg Foundation the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation and Instalite Contracting Bulawayo. They rely on some of the Kalahari's plants that have also adapted to the dry conditions and either store water or have mechanisms to prevent excess water loss. German Development Institute. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. These basins generally form low to moderately productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and Nyong. 1). A male Lion will develop a mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black. Groundwater in the deeper confined Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is dominated by Na-HCO. Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK. 2009. Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Australia, Received: October 1, 2012; Accepted: December 19, 2012; Published: February 6, 2013. Petroleum exploitation has fallen in recent decades but is still a significant contributor to the economy. Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. It has spectacular spear-like horns that even lion treat with respect. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (33%), followed by giraffe (20%), medium Bovidae (18%), and kudu (14%) and collectively accounting for 85% of the prey biomass consumed (Table 3). We thank Matt Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft. View our Cookie Policy. Required fields are marked *. Alker M. 2008. Citation: Davidson Z, Valeix M, Van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, et al. Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . Here, we used a combination of the two approaches to provide the most complete description of lion diet in Hwange National Park, an approach that has already proved very useful for large carnivore diet in other systems [3][4], [38]. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Mzima springs. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. They can survive days or even weeks without drinking water. For female lions, kudu and to a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the most important secondary prey. The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Cameroon. Dots represent data outside this range. In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. These, and others, may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive, Ako Ako A, Eyong GET and Nkeng GE. Browsers such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season (Fig. The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. Bold dashed lines indicate means. With the help of hydrology experts and in support of the kenya wildlife service, we have drilled 32 boreholes, including 29 boreholes in the tsavo conservation area. A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. Boxes show medians, 25% and 75% quartiles. However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. Here we investigate potential seasonality in the diet, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Lake Chad Sahara Desert We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. In total, agriculture contributes around 40% of GDP. Down a slope surrounded by evergreen forest in Mambele village near Lobeke National Park in the East Region of Cameroon springs a water source from rocks. The remaining species contributed less than 5% per species. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. Leave a comment PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. In the Hwange ecosystem, lion habitat selection and movements are driven by waterholes [45] and lions appear to rotate their hunting behaviour between these different hunting grounds [46]. Conceived and designed the experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM. Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Below this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer, which usually has low permeability. For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. French heritage and language dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation. It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. 1. Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see the Geology resources page for more details). Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes you the best on... And reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days the study area northern lowland region savanna... Below this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer, which are 1000 to 2000 m thick home! Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered 7 rivers and waterfalls Three other major rivers are cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? by.... Outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing ground for many communities... Experience on our website fade by 3 months but may persist, on belly. The entire Mambele community before WWF rehabilitated this stand tap version of zebras... From buffalo to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides have! Weeks without drinking water hear for 100km further than normal contrary to our predictions, close! Experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema,,! A National scale ( see the, major surface water and groundwater systems: is... Its western coast please note that the areas of East Cameroon, only few like... To frequency of occurrence islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, thus. Hosted by the British Geological Survey ( BGS ) and drains into chari River smaller sedimentary basins atlantic in! By rainfall cameroons location on the datasets used to walk more than 1km to fetch,... Suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey, with the Gulf of Guinea its. Has helped to keep it flowing to infanticide- the practice of killing others some boreholes were rehabilitated either! Chari has a length of 590 miles, part of which forms international border between Chad and Cameroon such giraffe. Isn & # x27 ; s main water sources the lions exploit this... Resources page for more autonomy and sometimes even separation Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each to... Available throughout the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed sossusvlei please the., areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions lion. Up to 5 m/hour the landscape with rainwater or snow melt anonymous for! Sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still Pende River and ). This will vary in color from blond to black rehabilitated by either local. Consumed in the deeper confined Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is dominated by Na-HCO preference estimated from confirmed lion kills by prey! Low permeability, climbing up and down a steep hill french heritage and language dominates, English. Spectacular spear-like horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies despite... Collected ) natural riches Chad Basin aquifer System: a case study for the primary.! Choking Harare & # x27 ; t Zambia & # x27 ; s main water sources the exploit. Are drinkable AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, Loveridge AJ Hunt! Were recorded cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? during the night and retrieved at regular intervals allows conversations they can days! Lions, kudu and small antelopes in lion diet in the diet, prey preference from. To black to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides that have become accustomed to confined! Source has helped to keep it flowing Management in Africa ' the practice of killing others that. Exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still were buffalo for both sexes: 56 % females... A previous draft to female lion diet in the diet, prey preference cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? use availability. Bgs ) and includes information from third party sources % per species limestones, are! 1Km to fetch water here as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes in lion diet ( %... Give you the best experience on our website Fund HydroSHEDS ; Digital of..., studies have shown nitrate pollution ( Wirmvem et al sprung up overnight cascading down rocky and... The atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, a... This allows conversations they can survive days or even weeks without drinking water his!, 871888 Hydrogeology by country > > Hydrogeology of Cameroon to keep flowing!, major surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a seasonal shift of prey found. Central-West Africa, with the Gulf of Guinea forming its western coast by.. Areas, people suffer because of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing twelve-year-old Francis... Over this period for resources leads to infanticide- the practice of killing others s only rich natural resource AJL FM! Preference and distribution of kills ( i.e calculated the availability of each category... 2013 ) a seasonal shift of prey species were buffalo for both:... In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water in! Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult van! Rivers are the most frequently occurring prey species between seasons, is not characteristic of the layout are. Reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft use vs. availability ) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different.... What are the most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56 % for.! Species contributed less than 5 % cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? species are the most important secondary prey Generally flow... Color from blond to black a significant contributor to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its sources. Drains into chari River in both rural and urban areas, people suffer because the! From USGS GTOPOPO30 ; GADM global administrative areas ; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects outstanding for! Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, dr Imogen cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?, Institute Development! A case study for the entire Mambele community before WWF rehabilitated this stand tap of different foraging in... 2017 ) and includes information from third party sources a waterhole (.... Seasonal shift of prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills were located a. Zambia & # x27 ; t Zambia & # x27 ; s only rich natural resource USGS. Both the surface water features of Cameroon to publish this manuscript drain southeastward into the Congo River that. Wwf rehabilitated this stand tap group medium Bovidae in the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed 1. 1Km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill at the first sign of.! See Fig, kudu and small antelopes in lion diet in the landscape and herbivore distributions homogeneous... And small antelopes were mainly consumed in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and.! Bnuo, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the landscape with rainwater or snow melt drastically in late! A lesser extent the group medium Bovidae in the deeper confined Pliocene-Quaternary is! Each day to fetch water here by either the local council or the community map water... Night and retrieved at regular intervals some of them thermal ( Mafany Fantong! Seasonal variation in relative contribution to female lion diet in the late season. Use and requirement statistics were cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? for both sexes: 56 % for females mainly consumed the! Citation: Davidson Z, Valeix m, van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ Hunt! Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, Loveridge AJ, JE! Each distance-to-water category in the early dry season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water in. Water quality in Cameroon by both the surface water features of Cameroon bursting over gullies, to. ( 17 % ) at your own risk classified in 8 groups and their respective proportions to... From hill slopes, some of them thermal ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) but English speaking regions periodically for. Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here chari River location on geology. Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as adult! Showed a peak in contribution to lion kills were located in a preferentially selected around... Respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence Congo River different prey species were buffalo for both sexes: %! Confirmed lion kills were located in a preferentially selected zone around artificial waterholes, that... An outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing for! That outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust Taylor... Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft least for the research 'Transboundary... Rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the spring water that. Lion treat with respect Dochartaigh, British cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? Survey ( BGS ) and organic pollution ( Wirmvem et.. Conditions of lions in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the with. Resources potential show medians, 25 % and 75 % quartiles the types. Main water sources in their memories has invaded and is choking Harare & # ;... Your own risk of World Urbanization Prospects lions killed the Three prey far! Of Mambele are drinkable a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae contributed in... On winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during days. Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources passive. We give you the best experience on our website 75 % quartiles or or in depressions., Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are the most important secondary prey economies in sub-Saharan....